黄连解毒汤对白色念珠菌的抗真菌作用研究

目的 观察黄连解毒汤对白色念珠菌的体外抗真菌效果.方法 采用微量稀释法药物敏感性试验测定黄连解毒汤对标准菌株、氟康唑敏感株、氟康唑中度敏感株、氟康唑耐药株4种白色念珠菌的最低抑菌浓度.结果 黄连解毒汤对4种白色念珠菌均具有较好的抑制作用,其对白色念珠菌标准菌株的最低抑菌浓度为4mg/ml,对氟康唑敏感型白色念珠菌最低抑菌浓度为8mg/ml,对中度敏感型白色念珠菌最低抑菌浓度为16mg/ml,对耐药型白色念珠菌最低抑菌浓度为 64mg/ml.结论 黄连解毒汤对白色念珠菌有明显的抑制作用,可作为临床用药的参考.     

Evaluating Epidemiology and Improving Surveillance of Infections Associated with Health Care,United States

The Healthcare-Associated Infections Community Interface (HAIC), launched in 2009, is the newest major activity of the Emerging Infections Program. The HAIC activity addresses population- and laboratory-based surveillance for Clostridium difficile infections, candidemia, and multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Other activities include special projects: the multistate Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey and projects that evaluate new approaches for improving surveillance. The HAIC activity has provided information about the epidemiology and adverse health outcomes of health care–associated infections and antimicrobial drug use in the United States and informs efforts to improve patient safety through prevention of these infections.     

黄连解毒汤联合氟康唑对耐药白念珠菌麦角甾醇的影响

目的:探讨黄连解毒汤乙酸乙酯提取物(ethyl acetate extract of Huanglian Jiedu decoction,EAHD)联合氟康唑(fluconazole,FLZ)对耐药白念珠菌生物膜麦角甾醇的影响。方法:采用CLSI M27-A3的微量稀释法测定EAHD与FLZ对白念珠菌FLZ耐药株的MIC与SMIC80;棋盘稀释法测定EAHD与FLZ联用对白念珠菌的协同效应;稀释涂布平板法考察EAHD与FLZ联用不同时间对菌体的杀伤作用;分别用HPLC和qRT-PCR法检测耐药白念珠菌生物膜麦角甾醇含量及相关基因的变化。结果:对于9株白念珠菌FLZ耐药株,EAHD对其MIC介于156~1 250 mg·L-1,FLZ对其MIC介于256~2 048 mg·L-1以上,二者联用后MIC显著降低,FICI(部分抑菌浓度指数)最低达0.066;EAHD单用对其SMIC80均高于1 250 mg·L-1,FLZ单用对其SMIC80均高于512 mg·L-1,最高可达2 048 mg·L-1以上,联用组除个别组具有相加作用外也均有协同效应。时间杀菌(time kill,TK)实验显示当作用12 h,二者联用杀菌效应最强。HPLC结果显示联用组、EAHD组与空白组麦角甾醇量相比,分别降低了近85%,50%。qRT-PCR检测FLZ组ERG1,ERG2,ERG6,ERG7,ERG11均上调,ACS1,ACS2,MET6均下调;EAHD组所有基因均下调;联用组ERG2,ERG6,ERG11均显著上调,ERG1,ERG7,ACS1,ACS2,MET6均显著下调。结论:EAHD协同FLZ抗白念珠菌耐药株,可能与抑制麦角甾醇合成相关基因的表达来降低麦角甾醇的合成有关,造成细胞膜损伤,抑制菌体生长。     

18例早产儿真菌败血症临床特点

目的对某院早产儿真菌败血症的临床特点进行分析,为临床诊治提供参考。方法对该院2011年1月—2013年12月18例早产儿真菌败血症的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 18例早产儿胎龄为27~36周,出生体重为1 050~3 100 g,其中极低出生体重儿(VLBWI)8例;均有广谱抗菌药物用药史,感染前均长时间静脉营养,10例机械通气,2例经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)。临床表现以呼吸暂停、抽搐、喂养困难、反应差等为主;出现症状时间为出生后3 h~52 d。13例(72.22%)早产儿血白细胞(WBC)计数异常,12例(66.67%)血小板(PLT)100×109/L,18例(100.00%)C反应蛋白(CRP)均增高,平均CRP浓度为(41.90±26.77)mg/L。感染病原菌以假丝酵母菌属为主,共17例(94.44%),其中包括近平滑假丝酵母菌7例,白假丝酵母菌5例,白假丝酵母菌生物变种4例,无名假丝酵母菌1例。用氟康唑及两性霉素B治疗,15例治愈(83.33%),2例好转(11.11%),1例死亡(5.56%)。结论早产儿真菌败血症以假丝酵母菌感染为主,临床缺乏特异性表现,应严密观察具有高危因素的早产儿临床症状,定期检测血常规及CRP等指标,及时给予抗真菌药物治疗,有助于取得良好的治疗效果。     

耐两性霉素B的近平滑与热带假丝酵母菌的体外诱导及耐药分子机制研究

目的：体外诱导近平滑假丝酵母菌（ CP）、热带假丝酵母菌（ CT）对两性霉素B（ AMB）的耐药株,检测其中的耐药基因表达情况。方法 AMB体外构建耐药株,用实时荧光定量PCR法检测耐药基因的表达水平。结果 CP、CT 野生株经体外 AMB 浓度递增法诱导后,形成耐药株最低抑菌浓度（ MIC,≥8μg? mL－1）;CYP51A、CYP51B、CDR1、CDR2、MDR1及MDR2基因在野生株中低水平表达,在耐药株中表达水平明显升高,差别有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）;CYP51A、CYP51B、CDR1、CDR2、MDR1及MDR2的表达量在CPAMB耐药株中分别是其野生株的136．92,16．33,2．07,14．84,4．07,2．38倍;在CT AMB耐药株中分别是其野生株的8．83,2．98,3．00,2．40,2．30,3．57倍。结论 CP、CT对AMB耐药与CYP51A、CYP51B、CDR1、CDR2、MDR1及MDR2基因过度表达有关。     

Biofilm formation and Candida albicans morphology on the surface of denture base materials

Fungal biofilms may contribute to the occurrence of denture stomatitis. The objective of the study was to investigate the biofilm formation and morphology of Candida albicans in biofilms on the surface of denture base materials. Specimens were prepared from different denture base materials. After determination of surface properties and salivary pellicle formation, mono‐ and multispecies biofilm formation including Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was initiated. Relative amounts of adherent cells were determined after 20, 44, 68 and 188 h; C. albicans morphology was analysed employing selective fluorescence microscopic analysis. Significant differences were identified in the relative amount of cells adherent to the denture base materials. Highest blastospore/hyphae index suggesting an increased percentage of hyphae was observed in mono‐ and multispecies biofilms on the soft denture liner, which did not necessarily respond to the highest relative amount of adherent cells. For both biofilm models, lowest relative amount of adherent cells was identified on the methacrylate‐based denture base material, which did not necessarily relate to a significantly lower blastospore/hyphae index. The results indicate that there are significant differences in both biofilm formation as well as the morphology of C. albicans cells in biofilms on the surface of different denture base materials.     

Candida glabrata – unique features and challenges in the clinical management of invasive infections

Candida glabrata is a pathogenic yeast with several unique biological features. This article provides an up‐to‐date review on current data and reasoning aspects of this clinically problematic organism. Haploidy, absence of pseudohyphae, facultative anaerobe growth of C. glabrata, as well as its intrinsically low susceptibility to azole antifungals require specific consideration in diagnosis and treatment approaches. As C. glabrata today represents a sizeable percentage of pathogens in candidaemia, the use of azole antifungals in upfront therapy of invasive yeast infections is discouraged by recent guidelines. While the selection of C. glabrata mutants with impaired susceptibility to echinocandins has been described, analyses of several clinical studies indicate an association of improved outcomes with the use of echinocandins as the primary treatment for invasive yeast infections with potential or documented involvement of C. glabrata.     

阿米巴活体微培养法

目的 建立一种既可做阿米巴与病原体共培养实验，又可连续观察阿米巴活体形态细微变化的培养技术。 方法 以24孔细胞培养板覆盖玻片为容器，37 ℃下微量悬滴将阿米巴与白色念珠菌共同培养, 普通光学显微镜（×1000）下连续观察阿米巴的形态、活动能力、吞噬的细菌等情况。 结果 经微量悬滴培养在普通光学显微镜油镜下可连续观察阿米巴各种形态，滋养体呈T、K、Y字形态，并可连续观察吞噬白色念珠菌的过程。 结论 本法可观察到常规固定染色标本无法见到的阿米巴滋养体T、K、Y字形态及其吞噬白色念珠菌过程。     

两种除杂质工艺的爽肤洁阴洗液杀菌效果的比较

爽肤洁阴洗液含苦参、黄柏、白头翁、生黄芪、百部、蒲公英、苍术、黄连、白癣皮、艾叶等中药,为比较两种除杂质工艺之该液的杀灭微生物效果,进行了悬液定量杀菌试验。结果,用乙醇沉淀法除杂质的爽肤洁阴洗液原液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌作用5 min,对白色念珠菌作用10 min,平均杀灭率均≥99.91％;用ZTCl+1澄清剂法除杂质的爽肤洁阴洗液原液对金黄色葡萄球菌作用15 min,对大肠杆菌作用20 min,平均杀灭率才≥99.92％,对白色念珠菌作用20 min的平均杀灭率仅99.84％。结果说明,用乙醇沉淀法除杂质,对该洗液中药成分杀菌效果的影响小于用ZTCl+1澄清剂处理者。     

Ocular Involvement in Patients with Fungemia in an Urban Tertiary Care Center

Purpose: To illustrate the rate of endogenous endophthalmitis associated with fungemia and evaluate the importance of screening in a public city hospital.

Methods: A retrospective review was performed on all inpatient ophthalmology consults for fungemia from 2010 to 2015. Clinical histories, ocular examinations, and microbial cultures were reviewed.

Results: Of 95 patients (mean age 51.6 years, 75% male) with fungemia, 9/95 (9.5%) demonstrated intraocular involvement. Of these nine patients, two were unable to participate in the ophthalmic exam due to intubation, while the remaining seven reported no changes in their vision. Two patients had their antifungal medications adjusted to optimize intraocular penetration and one patient progressed to develop vitreous involvement but died before further escalation of care occurred.

Conclusion: All involved individuals in this study were either non-communicative or without visual complaints. This suggests that routine screening should still be recommended, especially in a public hospital setting.